Recycling And Reuse Of Construction And Demolition Wastes Construction Essay

Recycling And Reuse Of Construction And Demolition Wastes Construction Essay What is waste? In fact, we do not have a definitive list of what is and is not waste. In construction field, the waste can be generated from building a structure (under construction) and those created during the wrecking of a building (demolition debris). There are many buildings built in whole of the world. At the same time, there are also many building going to be demolished. Hence, the construction and demolition works will bring out a lot of debris waste or waste. Thus, construction and demolition works is the largest contributor of waste in the world. Recycling and reuse are the essential components of environmentally-responsible of everyone. Some of the waste can be recycling and reuse and some are not. Recycling is the collection of used materials that would or else be waste to be broken down and reproduce for others purpose. Similarly, reuse is use again the recycling waste in the proper way. In the construction field, suitable method will be applied to recycling the CD waste and reuse it in others way. Recently, the environmental impact is the pressing issue in the world. With the improper ways to deal with the waste, it will lead to environment harms. Most of the CD wastes are recyclable; some of the examples of the recyclable waste are bricks, concrete, timber, asphalt, steel and block. Indeed, most of the CD wastes are recyclable. Therefore, recycling and reuse of CD waste is one of the most important aspects in the construction field. If the construction field from all around the world implement the recycling and reuse method to the CD works, it will minimizing the waste problems and negative impact to the environment concurrently. Hence this is a good practice to minimize the CD waste with proper method. Aim: To study the reuse and recycling of construction waste in construction and demolition works for Bricks and Concrete. Objectives: To identify the two types of construction waste in bricks and concrete. To determine the ways of recycling and reuse the construction waste. To determine whether there is any limitation in reuse and recycling the construction waste in Malaysia Problem Statement: Building construction is fast moving around the world. The demolition works will bring out a lot of debris or waste. Construction and demolition wastes are one of the largest waste streams in the world. With the improper ways to deal with the waste, it will lead to environment harms. Recycling and reuse of building materials waste is one of the most important aspect in the construction field. I would like to carry out the studies of 2R of CD waste which are bricks and concrete. Reuse and recycling of building materials waste is a good practice in construction field. From the research, almost all the job site wastes are recyclable. This research will come out the positive and negative outcome of recycling and reuse of CD waste. Indeed, 2R of building materials waste will save the costs than to throw them away. In my research, I will try to explore is there any limitations or improvements for the reuse and recycling practice in Malaysia. This is because compare to others country, Malaysia is still improving in this aspect in the construction field. Scope of Study: What is covered in my study: What are the construction waste which can reuse and recycling in construction field? Positive and negative outcomes of 2R of construction waste. How the construction waste recycling and reuse. Any limitation and improvement of 2R of CD waste. Methodology: Stage 1: Initial Proposal Stage 2: Literature Review A comprehensive of review of the relevant literature including a computer-assisted search will be undertaken in order to develop an understanding of two types of the construction waste which can be recycling and reuse. The Literature Review will be followed by a questionnaire with the relevant people. Stage 3: Questionnaires This stage will be implemented by carry out the questionnaire to the relevant people such as manufacturer or contractor in the construction industry. Besides, information from internet search, newspaper, journals and magazine will also be part of my data collection. Stage 4: Writing up This stage involves writing up the content of the dissertation should cover the chapters proposed in the following section: Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2- Literature Review Identifying two types of the construction waste for bricks and concrete. The ways of reuse and recycling of the construction waste Determine whether there is any limitations in reuse and recycling of construction waste in Malaysia. Chapter 3 Case Study Chapter 4 Data analysis Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendations References Some of the example of questionnaires: Which types of materials would you think that is highly produced in the Construction and demolition works? Steel b) Timber c) Bricks d) Concrete Do you think that there is any limitation or improvement of reuse and recycling of CD waste in Malaysia? Cost b) Techniques c) Lack of professional workforce/experience Do you think that 2R of CD waste important? What are the factors that you think that 2R of CD waste important? Environmental issues Save cost Government pressure Project Plan and Schedule: Task to be completed Month 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Initial Proposal Introduction Literature Review Chapter 1: Types of waste Chapter 2: ways of 2R Chapter 3: improvement/limitation Research Methodology Interview Data analysis Conclusion and recommendation Overall References

Root Surface Caries Essay -- essays research papers

Root Surface Caries Caries can affect any surface of the teeth. The most commonly seen caries are found on the crown of a tooth, above the cemento-enamel junction, it is also possible for caries to form on the root surface, below the cemento-enamel junction. Dental root caries has received a great deal of attention in the past few decades. A variety of different patients are at risk for root surface caries. Dentists use several methods of treatment. Root surface caries are also called cemental caries, cervical caries, or radicular caries. (Wilkins) Root surface caries only involves the roots of teeth. The cementum and dentin located just below the crown of the tooth is involved. No involvement of enamel is seen with root surface caries. Bone loss and corresponding gingival recession are the first symptoms to be seen in the caries process. These result in exposed root surfaces, which are more prone to forming caries because caries does not form in the root surface while periodontal fibers are still attached. Clinically, the lesion starts on the root surface. It has been found that root caries spreads in a lateral or circumferential manner, and over time can extend completely around the tooth, undermining the enamel. (Wilkins) In general, root caries have the same etiology as coronal cavities. S. mutans, Lactobacilli, and sometimes, Actinomyces are involved and are found in high numbers in root caries, but there are two main differences between enamel and root surface caries. (Flaitz) These differences cause the lesion on a root surface to be more destructive than that in enamel. First, because the pH at which demineralization will occur is higher for root cementum (approx. pH 6.0) than for enamel (approx. pH 5.0).(Wilkins) Therefore, root cementum has potential for demineralization at an earlier point in time than enamel does. Secondly, once the cementum is demineralized, the dentin contains dentinal tubules which, if present, are potential methods of entry for the pathogenic microbes as mentioned previously, such as S. mutans, Lactobacilli, and sometimes Actinomyces; whereas, enamel consists of tightly-arranged crystal prisms, which have a much lower chance for bacterial entry. The process of caries form ation begins with colonization by acid-producing bacteria plaque. In the next step, Gram-positive bacteria invade the dentinal tubules, which leads to the ... ...at more tentatively, with fluoride gels and varnishes or a chlorhexidine varnish. Some dentists may restore root caries with amalgam restorations. Another treatment option used by some dentists to restore root caries is Glass Ionomer Cements. Glass ionomer cements were first introduced in the early 1970s. They have good adherence to mineralized tooth tissue, which keeps the removal of tooth structure to a minimum. Glass ionomer cements also have the ability to leak and absorb fluoride into the tooth, which decreases the rate of secondary caries. These factors have increased the potential for glass ionomer cements to replace amalgam as a restorative material. (Hammel) Although the most common caries seen are coronal, root surface caries present just as much of a problem. Once root caries are detected, the bacteria have already begun to demineralize the cementum or dentin and create a great deal of damage. There are several different ways that root caries may appear clinically. A variety of different patients are at risk for root surface caries. Different measures can be taken to prevent root surface caries. Methods of treatment differ among dentists, but there are several choices.

Time Waltz :: essays papers

Time Waltz Oriana walked down the hallway, her mind back in a time about a millennium ago. Her people had learned much about the past from historic documents and paleontologists’ findings, and now, through technology, she was going to witness it live. Her people had built a time slider. Now she could go back in time and learn the truth about the North American Indians. She mentally went through her list...†Let’s see...I’ve taken my hair and skin pigmentation pills, and had my eyes colored...I have my clothes waiting, my pouch with my time remote, my taser, and my communicator. All I need now is the languagechip.† Oriana walked into the equipment room, and Erel jumped. â€Å"I am not used to seeing you in Native American pigmentation!† He debriefed her once more about her mission, as he set her down and slipped the languagechip in the facilitator and then used it to put the chip in her brain. Then she changed into an authentic buffalo hide dress and boots. She fastened a bone knife to her boot, and added some rope to her pouch. â€Å"There. Now you are all set.† â€Å"Thanks, chief.† They walked to the time slider’s warping chamber, silent, both a little nervous. Erel reminded her to be careful, and what not to do, and what to do. They shut the door behind them and then Oriana walked into the portal. Everyone else, already stationed, began to get ready. â€Å"Ready, Riana?† â€Å"Yes, Erel. Fire it up.† The time keeper began the count down. â€Å"10...9....8† Oriana swallowed. Erel wiped the sweat from his brow. â€Å"5..4...3† The lights around the portal began to glow. The base began to vibrate. â€Å"2....1! GO!† The lights flickered, the room shook, and the air seemed to erupt with the sound of roaring engines. Oriana screamed, Erel yelled, the other operators struggled to stay calm. Suddenly the lights got bright, then totally dark. The room seemed to rumble and shake. Then it was over. Oriana was gone. Erel switched the communicator on and called to her frantically. â€Å"Oriana! Come in! Did you make it all right?† â€Å"Erel? Yes...I’m fine. I am not sure where I am, though. I am going to explore a little. I will be back in a little.† She switched off her communicator excitedly and started to look around.

Epistemic Dilemma: Hume Versus Descartes Essay

While Descartes believes that knowledge can be gained by reason alone, Hume’s Empiricism suggests that we can only gain knowledge from the experiences of perceptions, which he called â€Å"Impressions.† Rationalists use skepticism to find the most clear and distinct truths and build their foundations from there. Ultimately, Descartes states there are 3 substances that exist- God, mind and body. From doubt and confusion, Descartes finds clarity. Empiricists on the other hand, reject rationalism suggesting knowledge that can not be traced back to an impression from the outside world does not have any meaning. Hume also believes that there is no causality in the world, therefore we can never gain knowledge from events that we have witnessed in the past or the future. Unlike Descartes, how starts in skepticism and ends in clarity, Hume starts with a strong view of how our minds collect raw sense data and ends in skepticism. I argue that Hume’s philosophy is more practical because it relies on the senses. Both philosophies were born from the rise of the Scientific Revolution. According to Descartes, to gain true knowledge, you must first doubt everything. When you reach the point at which you cannot doubt anymore, you achieve the foundation of knowledge. When you doubt everything, you realize that the only thing you cannot doubt is that you are a doubting thing; therefore you must exist in some way. From there, you can reason that there is a more perfect being that exists because you are not perfect if you doubt, and you have an idea what a perfect being is. This perfect being is God. God is also a good being because  Descartes calls these truths, these clear and distinct perceptions. From reason alone, we can affirm the existence of God, Mind and the Body.

Effects of Tire Pressure on Tire Inflation Essay

Despite concerns that global warming is a result of green house gasses emitted through burning fossil fuels, it is still prominently used for energy (Bent, Orr, & Baker, 2002). The energy harnessed from burning fossil fuels is used to do such things as produce electricity, power vehicles, heat homes and cook food. Oil is the most widely used fossil fuel and also the most widely consumed fuel (over nuclear and renewable) globally with a usage of 38% (Enzler, 2010). As oil resources depletes the prices rise and become more of a financial strain on every economy. The price of gasoline/ petrol, a product of crude oil used to power many vehicles is gradually rising. Gasoline prices in the Bahamas have risen to an average of $5.20 per gallon from $4.2 in 2005 (Turnquest, 2005). While the price of fuel (gasoline/diesel) is not in the average man’s jurisdiction to change, the use and wastage of it is. Although fuel plays a mojor rolle in powering vehicles to move a vehicle’s tires play an even more integral role in the overall performance of the vehicle, as it dictates its handling, traction, ride, comfort and fuel consumption; as it is the main component that interacts with the surface being driven on (Rezna, 2008). Thus if the condition of the tires is improper the performance of the vehicle will be affected. One negative tire condition that can occur is low tire pressure/ under inflation. According to the Webster’s dictionary, under inflation is the insufficient presence of air pressure in a tire for the amount of load carried and vice versa for over inflation. This paper will examine the causes of reduced tire pressure, the tire pressure in places abroad, effects of under and over inflated tires, and tire pressure as it relates to furl consumption. To begin with, tire pressure is a measure of the amount of air in a vehicle’s tires, in pounds per square inc h (psi) (Car Talk Service Advice: Tire Pressure, 2005). There is no standard psi for all tires however tires are marked with a recommended psi that should be adhered to for optimum performance in vehicles. Under inflation of tires can be cause by various factors such as natural causes and the negligence of drivers. Due to temperature and natural cause variation about 1 pound per square inch of pressure to 1Â ° degree Fahrenheit is lost every month (NHTSA, Tire Pressure Monitoring Final Part 3). This loss of pressure is known as natural leakage. Therefore, as the temperature of the climate or air changes, the pressure in the tire will change. Hence, under inflation of the tire will be increased. According to data from the tire industry, 85 percent of all tire air pressure losses are the result of slow leaks that occur over a period of hours, days, or months. Only 15 percent are rapid air losses caused by contact with a road hazard (Source). An example of the natural hazards that can be present that contribute to under inflation may be a nail present in the road that may puncture the tire (source if any). Additionally, due to the negligence of passengers to frequently check their tires under inflation can be an effect. As passengers frequently check their tire’s pressure they can decrease the rate at which the natural leakage of their tire’s air occurs. Moreover, A survey done by NASS-CDS crash investigators, in February 2001 identified that 39% of passenger cars and 46% of passenger trucks had at least one tire pressure that was 6psi or more below placard (recommended/labeled) pressure. In other words a considerable amount of passenger cars and almost half the passenger trucks tested were underinflated. The amount of cars surveyed and tested at this time was 5,967 passenger cars and 3,950 light trucks for a total of 9,917 vehicles across a total of 336 gas stations in the United States of America (National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System, 2001). The below chart is a data collected from the NASS-CDS survey in 2001 and represents the percentages of passenger cars and light trucks and their amount of tires 20% or more below placard pressure. (National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System, 2001) Number of Tires 20% or more Below PlacardPassenger CarsPercentLight TrucksPercent 199446.5%57436.7% 254825.744028.1 327512.922314.3 431914.932720.9 Total2,136100%1,564100% It is seen that a smaller percentage of vehicles (passenger cars and light trucks) had all four tires underinflated large amounts had at least one tire underinflated which can still affect the car’s performance. Additionally, according to an informal study done by students at Carnegie Mellon University, it was discovered that of the 81 cars they tested, the four tires of each car tested were underinflated by an average of 20% (Gearson 2005). Furthermore, with under and over inflated tires there are some effects that can impact the driver’s safety, the tire’s life expectancy, its rolling resistance and the use of fuel. Due to the loss of pressure in the tires, underinflated tires’ footprints or tread are enlarged. When the tire’s foot print is enlarged the rolling resistance of the tire is greater (Source). Rolling resistance can be defined as the friction between the road and the tire and the tire’s ability to effectively grip the road and ri de smoothly (source). Unfortunately, with an under inflated tire in the instance of wet roads, the tires are more likely to slide and cause accidents and crashes. Therefore, this result in a larger friction to overcome and more rubber of the tire burnt. Due to the lack of control over the vehicle the tread life of a tire can be decreased. According to Good year, a renowned tire manufacturing company, under inflated tires wears more rapidly than they should as compared to properly inflated tires (source). The company Good Year makes their tires out of rubber. This rubber is easy to burn and wear due to the pressure applied on an under inflated tire to carry a heavy load. As for over inflated tires, the tires cannot isolate road irregularities well, causing them to ride harsher (uncomfortably) (Proper Tire Inflation). This can also result in the traction and the tireprint/footprint of the vehicle to be reduced ( Rezna 2008). If the tireprint is reduced, this means that the surface contact area is reduced al so thus more pressure is being applied to the area in contact with the road. Inturn the tires are more likely to be damaged when running over potholes or debris in the road because the pressure applied from the weight of the car is greater. However, higher inflation pressures usually provide an improvement in steering response and cornering stability up to a point (Proper Tire Inflation). Moreover, over inflation can result in the transmission of shock loads by the tires to the suspension which can then diminish its ability to support the necessary load for cornerability, braking and acceleration (Rezna 2008). Finally, the fuel usage or consumption of vehicles is varied dependant on the pressure in the tires. This can account for at least one tire being under or over inflated. According to the National Research Council, the main factor associated with fuel consumption and tire pressure is rolling resistance. The make-up of a car also plays an important role in how fuel is consumed. The engine is directly connected to the axles that hold all four or more tires into place. The engine has to use this fuel to increase the transfer of power to the axles. As the fuel is inserted into the car, the engine then converts that fuel into mechanical energy and that energy is transmitted to the axles to turn the wheels (National Research Council, 2006). Therefore, if the tire is under inflated or over inflated the aero dynamic drag that is present between the tires and the road will place for strain on the engine to exert more pressure to move the vehicle and the fuel consumption will increase. Conclusively, there are many benefits that can be derived by monitoring and maintaining the correct tire pressure. They include improved fuel efficiency, better handling, better overall performance, overall safety, as well and an increased tire life span. In addition to these direct benefits, there is also the intangible benefit to the environment of decreasing green-house gases by improved fuel management. The overall benefit of this factor remains priceless. References Bent, R., Orr, L., & Baker, R. (Eds.). (2002). Energy: Science, Policy and the Pursuit of Sustainability. Washington, DC: Island Press. Car Talk Service Advice: Tire Pressure. (2005, April 29). Retrieved February 22, 2012, from Cars Talk: http://cars.cartalk.com/content/advice/tirepressure.html Enzler, S. (2010, March). Fossil fuels: Characteristics, origin, applications and effects of fossil fuels. Retrieved February 18, 2012, from Lenntech: http://www.lenntech.com/greenhouse-effect/fossil-fuels.htm Gearson, B. (2005). Carnegie Mellon Today: Save Gas, Money and the Environment with Properly Inflated Tires. Retrieved on 23rd February 2012 from http://www.cmu.edu/cmnews/extra/050921_tire.html National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System. (2001). Tire Pressure Survey and Test Results. Retrieved February 22, 2012, from National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: http://www.nhtsa.gov/cars/rules/rulings/tirepressure/LTPW3.html National Research Council. (2006). Tires and Passenger Vehicle Fuel Economy: Informing Consumers, Improving Performance. Retrieved February 19, 2012 from http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr286.pdf Proper Tire Inflation. (n.d.). Retrieved February 23, 2012, from Nitrogen Tire Inflation Systems: http://www.nitrogentiremachine.com/proper_tire_inflation.htm Rezna, J. (2008). Vehicle Dynamics: Theory and Application. Retrieved on 22nd February from http://books.google.bs/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Pvsv78xj7UIC&oi=fnd&pg=PR10&dq=under+and+over+inflatedness+in+car+tires&ots=1nBohNoAmt&sig=f0lQjo7DOYj_rim44o1xjewch8#v=onepage&q=under%20and%20over%20inflatedness%20in%20car%20tires&f=true pgs. Turnquest, P. G. (2005, August 17). Tribune. Gas price breaks $4 mark , p. 1. Car Talk Service Advice: Tire Pressure. (2005, April 29). Retrieved February 22, 2012, from Cars Talk: http://cars.cartalk.com/content/advice/tirepressure.html Enzler, S. (2010, March). Fossil fuels: Characteristics, origin, applications and effects of fossil fuels. Retrieved February 18, 2012, from Lenntech: http://www.lenntech.com/greenhouse-effect/fossil-fuels.htm Factors Affecting Truck Fuel Economy. (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2012, from Good Year: http://www.goodyeartrucktires.com/resources/factors-fuel-economy.aspx Proper Tire Inflation. (n.d.). Retrieved February 23, 2012, from Nitrogen Tire Inflation Systems: http://www.nitrogentiremachine.com/proper_tire_inflation.htm West,L. (n.d.). Keeping you tires Inflated could help save the planet, and your life. Retrieved on 23rd February 2012 from http://environment.about.com/od/greenlivingdesign/a/tire_pressure.htm Bent, R., Orr, L., & Baker, R. (Eds.). (2002). Energy: Science, Policy and the Pursuit of Sustainability. Washington, DC: Island Press. Car Talk Service Advice: Tire Pressure. (2005, April 29). Retrieved February 22, 2012, from Cars Talk: http://cars.cartalk.com/content/advice/tirepressure.html National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System. (2001). Tire Pressure Survey and Test Results. Retrieved February 22, 2012, from National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: http://www.nhtsa.gov/cars/rules/rulings/tirepressure/LTPW3.html Population Change and Distribution. (2001, April). Retrieved February 2012, from US Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-2.pdf Proper Tire Inflation. (n.d.). Retrieved February 23, 2012, from Nitrogen Tire Inflation Systems: http://www.nitrogentiremachine.com/proper_tire_inflation.htm

Barbara Goldsmith Other Powers Essay Research Paper

Barbara Goldsmith Other Powers Essay, Research Paper Barbara Goldsmith, writer of Other Powers, demonstrated many times throughout the book that sexual relationships were domains of force dealingss in which power is displayed. One such sexual relationship where there were domains of force dealingss, in which power was displayed, is the relationship between Roxanna ( Roxy ) Hummel Claflin and Reuben Buckman ( Buck ) Claflin, where Buck had great power over his married woman Roxy. Another sexual relationship in which there were domains of force dealingss, in which power was displayed, is the relationship between Josie Mansfield and Jim Fisk where the power went both ways. The relationship between Roxy and Buck Claflin began when Buck was given a room next to Roxy at John Snyder s. They married each other four months subsequently and because of Buck s wealth he was the powerful figure in the relationship. Buck had the most power because he put Roxy to work stating lucks in impermanent collapsible shelters where the land was covered with sawdust, moistness from baccy juice. ( Goldsmith 15 ) Roxy would soothe the adult females that came up to her with her visions. She ensured adult females, during a clip when many babes were deceasing, that there dead babies were happy in the bosom of the Lord. Buck used disclosures made by Roxy, about the wickednesss of her clients, in his blackmail strategies where he became even more affluent than he already was. The fact that Buck had so much power and control over Roxy he was allowed to make whatever he wanted at anytime, which is how Victoria Woodhull was conceived. When Roxy went brainsick one time while listening to a sermonizers address, Buck became angered with her and dragged her behind a bench and forced himself into her. Buck ruled perfectly over his household. His power position over the remainder of the household was obvious and non merely his childs but his wif vitamin E were simply his belongings. This proves that Buck Claflin was the more powerful figure if non the one figure who possessed all the power within his relationship with his married woman Roxy. Josie Mansfield, one time the married woman of Frank Lawlor, became highly hapless and was unable to hold more than one frock and pay her rent. In order to do money to last, she became a cocotte and while on the occupation she met Jim Fisk, who was known for giving big money parts to any reasonably cocotte who caught his oculus ( Goldsmith 160 ) . She was highly powerful in her relationship with Fisk because of her ability to decline his money and snub his progresss. She did this for three months and in the procedure inflated her worth greatly. Finally she began to accept the money of Jim Fisk and she even had a permanent consequence on Jim Fisk s physical visual aspect. He began to pare his moustache and waxed the terminals to handlebar flawlessness ( 160 ) . He began to have on Gallic Cologne and kept his boots shined. He did fundamentally whatever he could to seek and affect Josie Mansfield and because of her great power due to her difficult to acquire manner, she benefited greatl y from Jim Fisk. She even became a adult female of great manner and she neer once more had to have on the same frock twice. It was apparent that even during times when adult females were oppressed and denied many rights, there were still chosen adult females who had what it takes to be successful in a relationship with a adult male. Both of these sexual relationships illustrate ways in which domains of force dealingss were present within the show of power. Both Buck Claflin and Josie Mansfield each were the 1s in their ain relationships that had the bulk of the power over the other. With Buck, his power was fundamentally absolute. Josie Mansfield, nevertheless, although she had great power, could hold had it easy taken away by Jim Fisk.

The HIV Pandemic in the Black Community of Missouri Research Paper

The HIV Pandemic in the Black Community of Missouri - Research Paper Example In Missouri, HIV has been a thorn in the flesh for the community. St. Louis, the biggest metropolis in the state has one of the highest rates of HIV cases in the United States. KMOV, St. Louis leading Health Newspaper reported that more than five thousand people in the greater St. Louis area live with HIV with African Americans being the most affected social group. In 2010, 300 new cases of HIV sufficed. According to the State Health Department, over 75 percent of the cases affected African Americans. African American women were most hurt with 86 percent of the new cases victims being women (KMOV, 2011). This paper explores the problem of HIV in Missouri with emphasis on how HIV affects African Americans. The last section of the paper suggests the solution that offers solutions for the problem of HIV. According to Medicine Net, an online-based medical consultant, HIV is a virus that enters a group of specific immune system’s cells and kills them. With time, it makes the body to incapable of defending itself adequately from opportunistic infections. After about five years, the body stops manufacturing white cells. The white cells facilitate the body defense mechanism against diseases. With low white cell count, opportunistic infections certainly affect the body thereby affecting the body’s immune system. After a long period of incubation that can sometimes extend to ten years, the HIV causes AIDS. AIDS has no known symptoms because it works with opportunistic infections. The clinical manifestation of AIDS is a collection of opportunistic diseases. While some of the AIDS manifestations are severe such as TB, others are less severe and comparatively harmless like a common cold. There is no known cure for HIV although continued medical research has reduced the deaths ca used by HIV (Medicine Net Inc, 2012). Lyon & DAngelo (2006),  documents some of the most common causes of HIV.