Animal Cloning free essay sample

Final Essay: Multiple Sources, Research Based Argumentative Essay Animal Cloning: Beneficial to Humans Today’s technology develops so quickly that many impossible things become true; the example is cloning technology. Cloning is a process used to create an exact copy of a mammal by using the complete genetic material of a regular body cell. Different from the common propagate, cloning needs only one cell and without sex. Cloning, as of recent years, has become a very controversial issue in society but cloning can have several positive effects for the well being of society. Many people in society believe that scientists should develop a clone human but many people and especially the government are against human cloning. Hundreds of cloned animals exist today including sheep, goats, cows, mice, pigs, cats, rabbits, and a gaur. In the last 50 years, techniques such as in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer, embryo splitting, and blastomeric nuclear transfer have become commonplace — providing farmers, ranchers and pet enthusiasts with powerful tools for breeding the best animals. Attempts at cloning certain species have been unsuccessful. For example, â€Å"Dolly†, first cloned sheep was the only lamb that survived to adulthood from 277 attempts. However, scientists have found many benefits to animal cloning which can be very significant to be the future of science benefitting humans. Studies show that, in order for animal cloning to be successful, many steps are necessary. There are three common ways of cloning animals. First one is called Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)- The term somatic cell nuclear transfer refers to the transfer of the nucleus from a somatic cell to an egg cell. A somatic cell is any cell of the body other than a germ (sex) cell. An example of a somatic cell would be a blood cell, heart cell, skin cell, etc. In this process, the nucleus of a somatic cell is removed and inserted into an unfertilized egg that has had its nucleus removed. The egg with its donated nucleus is then nurtured and divides until it becomes an embryo. The embryo is then placed inside a surrogate mother and develops inside the surrogate. Second one is called the Roslin technique The Roslin Technique is a variation of somatic cell nuclear transfer that was developed by researchers at the Roslin Institute. The researchers used this method to create Dolly. In this process, somatic cells (with nuclei intact) are allowed to grow and divide and are then deprived of nutrients to induce the cells into a suspended or dormant stage. An egg cell that has had its nucleus removed is then placed in close proximity to a somatic cell and both cells are shocked with an electrical pulse. The cells fuse and the egg is allowed to develop into an embryo. The embryo is then implanted into a surrogate. The third technique is called The Honolulu Technique The Honolulu Technique was developed by Dr. Teruhiko Wakayama at the University of Hawaii. In this method, the nucleus from a somatic cell is removed and injected into an egg that has had its nucleus removed. The egg is bathed in a chemical solution and cultured. The developing embryo is then implanted into a surrogate and allowed to develop. Many scientists used different technology in cloning. Now, some scientists developing some new techniques but they are not describing their process. However, Roslin technique is widely used. (Source: http://biology. about. com/od/biotechnologycloning/a/aa062306a. tm) Animal cloning is a beneficial to the society. It is a reliable way of maintaining high quality and healthy livestock to supply our nutritional needs and consumer demand. Animal cloning offers great benefits to customers and farmers. Cloning enhances the availability of the best possible stock by allowing farmers to be certain of the genetic make-up of a particular animal, thus allowing them to produce high quality, safe, and healthy food. Cloning can offer a tremendous advantage for farmers who are depending on selling high quality milk and dairy products. The breeding technique allows a greater number of farmers the ability to preserve and extend proven, superior genetics. Farmers are using different technology for breeding. They used selective breeding to produce animals that exhibit desirable traits and they get more benefit from it. For example, using breeding techniques farmers makes cows which produce more milk with less lactose, and sheep which produce more wool. Farmers accept this new selective breeding technology because in the past, farmers would use growth hormones to promote such qualities. This became problematic when residue of the hormones remained in the meat, leaving it with a foul taste. When researchers began to clone transgenic animals, it became possible to develop certain traits in animals, which increased the quality of their yield. When a farmer would like to raise the standards of a herd, the breeding process is very slow and sometimes incomes can decrease (Wilmut 23). Many times when relying on sexual breeding alone to mass-produce these animals, there are chances of breeding out the desired traits (Freudenrich). Transgenic animal cloning will result in higher quality meats and dairies without the use of artificial hormones. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration released in January 2008 concluded â€Å"edible products from normal, healthy clones or their progeny do not appear to pose increased food consumption risks relative to comparable products from conventional animals. † After 2008, US Food and Drug Administrative agree to use animal cloning product. Animal cloning is also offers a great advantage to ranchers. Ranchers will be able to select and propagate the best animals — for example, beef cattle that have lean but tender meat. Moreover, Ranchers will be able to breed animals that are more resistant to diseases, thereby improving the health of the herd and reduce the need for medical intervention. Animal cloning is also offers to reproduce extinct animals. For example, gelded horses, or have passed away animals, cloning offers the capability to produce a genetic twin. This new assisted reproductive technology can allow for the continuation of a genetic line that might otherwise not be possible. Cloning techniques is helping us to reproduce the strongest and healthiest animals. For example, In Southeast Asia, both banteng and gaur which are meat-type bovines, have been cloned in conservation efforts that are focused on increasing populations of species threatened by extinction. In China, researchers are preserving giant Panda cells in the event that their numbers are threatened by extinction. Several farmers disagree with this method in risk of narrowing down the genetic gene pool. Many farmers go by the fundamental rules of selective breeding; one must maintain a high level of genetic variation, or there may be problems from inbreeding (Bruce). This raises questions of possible side effects of inbreeding. According to Jeffrey Rushen, who is a researcher at Dairy and Swine Research and Development, there remains no evidence to judge whether or not inbreeding leads to an increased incidence of lameness, or side effects. The chances of inbreeding can easily be avoided by staying away from closely related livestock. In the end, the chances of producing a higher quality of yield (i. e. additional milk, higher quality meat) are more likely than running into problems of narrowing down gene pools. Animal cloning has many applications in today’s scientific and medical world. The main area, where cloning can be applied is to humans. By developing animal cloning techniques, results can be applied to make disease fighting drugs or natural human cells that in some people are missing. Cloning procedures could one day allow for the cloning of human beings, although much controversy still lies in this area and is a very sensitive topic for some people with strong moral or religious views. Cloned animal can also solved many dieses. However, Some people feel as though using animal cloning to cure diseases is cruel to animals, and are mainly a potential moneymaker. Dr. Donald Bruce states in a press release concerning animal cloning, Commercial convenience is an insufficient justification for this intervention-a step too far in co modifying animals. This represents a violation at a very fundamental level of the integrity of the animal when all researchers and consumers see are dollar signs (Bruce). Even though Dr. Donald clearly states how he feels and brings about a good point, he needs to realize the limited context of the production of proteins in the milk of genetically modified animals. Researchers primary intention is to help cure diseases when natural methods do not work, not to act in harsh manners toward the animals, or to make a profit. Just as genetically altered animals are beneficial to curing human diseases. Transgenic animal cloning can also play a role in benefiting humans. Transgenic is an animal in which there has been deliberate modification of its genome genetic makeup of an organisms responsible for inherited characteristics. Transgenic animals can benefit agriculture, production of medicine, and industry. Many other diseases could be treated by the transplantation of genetically altered cells. For example, Parkinsons, Alzheimers and Huntingtons diseases are caused by the death of specific cells in the brain. Preliminary research has shown that it is possible to alleviate the symptoms of Parkinsons disease by transplanting fetal pig brain cells into a patients brains. A related technique may be applied to diabetes, another widespread disorder. Currently diabetics rely on insulin therapy, which is far from being an ideal treatment and is certainly not a cure. The transplantation of genetically modified animal pancreatic islet cells which could secrete insulin in response to the bodys varying glucose levels, just as the cells in a healthy individual do could effectively cure the disease. There are numerous other examples, so transplantation therapy could potentially relieve suffering in many thousands or even millions of patients. Research shows that, more than 40,000 Americans are on a waiting list in need of human organs; â€Å"one third to one-half will die before a matching organ can be found. The chances of receiving such organs are rare, since the only way one can receive a heart or lung is if another human dies. Since there is a worldwide shortage of donated human organs for transplants, researchers have opted for a new alternative for organs, animals. Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of organs, tissues or cells from one species to another. Because humans and pigs have the exact genetic make-up, researchers have used animal cloning to produce transgenic pigs suitable for xenotransplantation. Researchers have concentrated on the use of pigs, being that they are inexpensive, plentiful, easy to breed, and can be genetically manipulated to reduce the possibility and severity of transplant rejection. Pig heart valves are already used to repair human hearts after a tanning process renders the valves immunologically inert. Using xenotransplantation techniques, people get a new life and survive with normal life. Animal cloning is a controversial issue in our society. Some people against it because they think process of animal cloning is very crucial and risky. Moreover, chances to get a final cloned animal is very low. Probably, near one percent. Cloning has opened many doors that could lead to remarkable medical advancements but, as with all new technologies, it will be accompanied by ethical and social dilemmas. Cloned animal provides more food and meat, helpful in many medical research and help to reproduce extinct animals using DNA. Works Cited: * Bruce, Dr. Donald. Cloning, Ethics and Animal Welfare SRT Comment on Farm Animal Welfare Council Report. Society, Religion and Technology Project. 5 December 1998. 22 October 2003. http://www. srtp. org. uk/cloning. shtml * Freudenrich, Craig. Why Clone? How Cloning Works. 21 October 2003. http://science. howstuffworks. com/genetic-science/cloning. htm/printable * Margawati, Endang. Trangenic Animals: Their Benefits to Human Welfare. Bio Science Production. 2002-2003. 21 October 2003. * Medical Uses for Animal Cloning. Cows and Humans and Corn Oh My!. 22 October 2003. * Reibstein, Larr y and Reals, Gregory. A Cloned Chop, anyone? Newsweek 10 March 1997:58. Re: 1997 Nobel prize in Physiology and Medicine to Dr. Wilmut and Team Archimedes Plutonium 7 Mar 1997 19:55:19 GMT Organization: Plutonium College http://earthops. org/cloning_history. html * Tanne, Janice. Xenotransplantation: Huge Benefits, Hard Choices. 2 Nov. 2003. * Wilmut, Ian. Cloning Can Help Humans and Animals. Cloning. Minnesota. 2003 Pg. 19-53. Websites: http://www. aavs. org/campCloningBiomedical. html http://www. scientificamerican. com/article. cfm? id=what-are-the-potential-me http://www. bio. rg/foodag/animals/factsheet. asp check : http://www1. american. edu/TED/dolly. htm Case study of cloning: http://www. accessexcellence. org/RC/AB/IE/casestudy. php http://www. aavs. org/campCloningBiomedical. html http://www. stonewallfarm. org/LivestockCloninginAmerica. htm http://www. echeat. com/essay. php? t=30139 http://www. dartmouth. edu/~cbbc/courses/bio4/bio4-1997/AnnaPiazza. html http://www. 123helpme. com/view. asp? id=18713 Animal cloning used in medical: http ://www. scientificamerican. com/article. cfm? id=what-are-the-potential-me

Treasure Island Essays - English-language Films, Lost Films

Treasure Island Treasure Island The title of this book is Treasure Island. It is written by Robert Lewis Stevenson and takes place mainly on Treasure Island. There were many characters in this story but the most substantial were; Jim Hawkins the cabin boy/narrator; Long John Silver the captain; David Livesey the ships doctor; Pew the blind-beggar; and John Trelawney the owner of the ship. After the Captain had died from an overdose of Rum, Dr. Livesey looked through the Captain's coat and there he found a book. Later Dr. Livesey, Jim, and the squire looked through the book the doctor had found, the doctor opened the seals with great care, and there fell out the map of an island. It had the latitude and longitude, soundings, names of hills, bays, and inlets, and every detail that would be needed to bring a ship to a safe anchorage upon the island. ?In three weeks time Hawkins shall come as cabin boy. You, Livesey, are ship's doctor; I am admiral.? The ship was already bought and fitted. It lied at anchor, ready for sea. The two hundred-ton ship was named Hispaniola. They were ready to go treasure hunting. Well since they didn't have a Captain they had to find someone they knew was an experienced sailor-man, and above all, they could trust. So they told Jim where he could find a man of that caliber by the name of Long John Silver. When Jim reached his destination he looked around and found some one that he thought met the description of a sailor. He went up to the man and said, ?Long John The man replied. It happened to be the person Jim was looking for. So Jim told him the plan about the treasure hunt. Long John wasn't too thrilled about the idea of treasure hunting (since he had had bad experiences treasure hunting), but he agreed to it any ways. The voyage was long but the crew proved them self's worthy. As they steadily approached the island Jim was feeling sick, he said to himself ?perhaps it was the look of the island with its gray, melancholy woods, and wild stone spires, and the surf that I could see and hear foaming and thundering on the steep beach. Although the sun shone bri ght and hot, and the shore birds were fishing and crying all around them, you would have thought anyone would have been glad to get to land after being so long at sea, Jim's heart sank, as the saying is, into my boots; and from the first look onward, he hated the very thought of Treasure Island. ? Out, lads, out, and fight 'em in the open! Cutlasses! cried the captain. Round the house, lads! Round the house! cried the captain. ?And yet, in this breath of time, the fight was over and the victory was ours.? These words were spoken during the brutal fight between the pirates and the crew of the Hispaniola while on the island. The climax was when the crew aboard the Hispaniola finally found the treasure in a secluded location as the map had stated. In the treasure there were many different things such as. English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Georges, and Louises, doubloons and double guineas and moidores and sequins, the pictures of all the kings of Europe for the last hundred years. Strange Oriental pieces stamped with what looked like wisps of string or bits of spider's web. Round pieces and square pieces, and pieces bored through the middle, as if to wear them round your neck -- nearly every variety of money in the world must, I think, have found a place in that collection. Well, to make a long story short, they got a few hands on board, made a good cruise home, and the Hispaniola reached Bristol. Five men only of those who had sailed returned with her. Drink and the devil had done for the rest. All the men had a sufficient share of treasure. Nothing would bring Jim back to that accursed island; and th e worst dreams that he'll ever have are when he hears the surf booming about its coasts or start upright in his bed with the sharp voice of Captain

Evaluating Yourself - How to Find Good Examples of Assessments

Evaluating Yourself - How to Find Good Examples of AssessmentsThe job market is currently dominated by assessments and there are many different ways to find examples of good, well written assessments. It's not difficult to find some useful examples on the Internet as there are many places you can get sample essays from people you would trust and respect. If you're worried about having a general idea of how to write an assessment essay for work then this article will give you some good insight into what needs to be done.Writing an assessment is important for you to achieve your desired career goals. However, you need to be prepared for your work sample too. So how do you choose which passages to put into your work sample? You should consider the following points. Your reading comprehension is an important skill that can have a big impact on whether or not you get the job you want.In your assessment you need to demonstrate the ability to read and write well enough to be able to read th e work test that your potential employer will be expecting. This means that you should consider working on developing good reading comprehension skills.Good reading comprehension will involve the ability to understand what people are saying and how they say it. You must also show your understanding of grammar and vocabulary, as these words have to be properly pronounced and you have to know how to do this correctly. There are many online resources that can help you develop these skills. It's best to get advice from someone who knows first hand how to prepare to write an assessment.Understanding the way that language works is another skill that you need to develop. You should always try to understand the way that other people use language to express themselves. Also, you should learn the nuances of different ways of making decisions.Reading and writing of essays and reviews that deal with different types of subjects are different to reading and writing of essays and reviews that don' t. However, you need to be aware of the difference between the two because if you fail to develop an understanding of what you should be doing then you'll struggle to do your job effectively.So remember that there are many different sources of excellent assessment essays, but you need to make sure that you have a good grasp of all the main principles before you start searching for examples. You'll find plenty of examples online and if you don't have time to look around, consider checking out some articles for free from the library.

Coppola essays

Coppola essays Brando's raspy-voiced role (later to be mimicked by a host of impersonators) was difficult in one respect for Coppola in that the actor was 47 at the time, much too young for the aging Mafia don. The problem was solved by makeup expert Dick Smith, who has accomplished similar wonders in The Exorcist (1973) and in Little Big Man (1970), where he aged Dustin Hoffman to 100 years old. Smith added wrinkles to Brando's skin by applying liquid latex, especially around the eyes and nose. A leathery appearance was achieved the same way, along with loose flesh and bags beneath the eyes. He imparted olive skin tones to give Brando a Mediterranean appearance. A special denture was inserted along his lower jawline to make the actor's jaw jut out in a completely different bite and to cause his cheeks to sag. He then stuffed the actor's cheeks with a gummy substance to affect heavy jowls, and it was this device that altered the actor's appearance drastically, giving rise to wild speculation that B rando spent hours stuffing his cheeks with cotton, facial tissue, and newspapers. The film is darkCoppola had cinematographer Gordon Willis deliberately underlight each scene; the mood is dark; and the climax, in which Michael indulges in an orgy of blood vengeance, would simply be horrific, were it not for the ironic melodies of the Rota score, which underline the humane sensibilities of the storyteller and keep us at an appropriate distance. And this points to Coppola's greatest achievement with THE GODFATHER; he simultaneously presents us with two views of the Corleone family. We see it from within, sympathizing with the motives and dilemmas of these very real, attractive and charismatic individuals; and we see it from without, in a state of suspended disgust at a moral code that knows only greed and blood. The Godfather is an insightful sociological study of violence, power, honor and obligation, corruption, justice and crime in America.The film ...

How Athens Played a Significant Role in Greek History

How Athens Played a Significant Role in Greek History Chapter I. The Physical Setting of Athens 1. The Importance of Athens in Greek History To three ancient nations the men of the twentieth century owe an incalculable debt. To the Jews we owe most of our notions of religion; to the Romans we owe traditions and examples in law, administration, and the general management of human affairs which still keep their influence and value; and finally, to the Greeks we owe nearly all our ideas as to the fundamentals of art, literature, and philosophy, in fact, of almost the whole of our intellectual life. These Greeks, however, our histories promptly teach us, did not form a single unified nation. They lived in many city-states of more or less importance, and some of the largest of these contributed very little directly to our civilization. Sparta, for example, has left us some noble lessons in simple living and devoted patriotism, but hardly a single great poet, and certainly never a philosopher or sculptor. When we examine closely, we see that the civilized life of Greece, during the centuries when she was accomplishing the most, was peculiarly centered at Athens. Without Athens, Greek history would lose three quarters of its significance, and modern life and thought would become infinitely the poorer. 2. Why the Social Life of Athens Is So Significant Because, then, the contributions of Athens to our own life are so important, because they touch (as a Greek would say) upon almost every side of the true, the beautiful, and the good, it is obvious that the outward conditions under which this Athenian genius developed deserve our respectful attention. For assuredly such personages as Sophocles, Plato, and Phidias were not isolated creatures, who developed their genius apart from, or in spite of, the life about them, but rather were the ripe products of a society, which in its excellences and weaknesses presents some of the most interesting pictures and examples in the world. To understand the Athenian civilization and genius it is not enough to know the outward history of the times, the wars, the laws, and the lawmakers. We must see Athens as the average man saw it and lived in it from day to day, and THEN perhaps we can partially understand how it was that during the brief but wonderful era of Athenian freedom and prosperity[*], Ath ens was able to produce so many men of commanding genius as to win for her a place in the history of civilization which she can never lose. [*]That era may be assumed to begin with the battle of Marathon (490 B.C.), and it certainly ended in 322 B.C., when Athens passed decisively under the power of Macedonia; although since the battle of Chaeroneia (338 B.C.) she had done little more than keep her liberty on sufferance.

Safe work environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Safe work environment - Essay Example Visitors language should be checked for any harmful devises carried by him. Work stations are to be design to make the employees more comfortable as they would be working long hours sitting. The work station and the equipments like tables and chairs are to be designed to ease the pressure on the employees' body thus avoiding the stains and pains at various back parts. New employees are to be made known about the safety and security measures prior to their joining. They should be given a book let explaining about the privacy and safety policies for their kind reference. The parcels and other goods coming through courier service are to be checked at the ground floor security and should forward to their floors. If the goods are having some offense contents the objects are to be kept at the ground dispatch room and the consignee has to be called for cross check. An in-house doctor has to be placed at the work station for addressing concerns. Reference: Employee safety handbook, Office of research safety and office of risk management, Northwestern university, 2003 viewed on 21/12/2006 available at http://www.northwestern.edu/risk/EmpSafetyHandbook2003.pdf Safety tips,

SS310 Unit 7 DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SS310 Unit 7 DB - Research Paper Example It is equally evident that archeological resources within the moon have the capacity to improve the state of the earth. This is attributable to the minerals, and other compounds that are likely to benefit humankind. It is equally central to recognize that the moon helps in enhancing life on earth. The exploration of the moon may lead to economic and scientific progress because it sets the stage for economic and societal progress. It is necessary to harvest the moon’s natural resources such as Iron (Waldman, 2000). This will make it simple to generate steel, and other components that are associated with Iron. These resources can enhance economic growth and improve the living standards of people. This is likely to alleviate my living conditions. It is essential to plan for the prospects not just concentrating on the present. Knowledge is increased through exploration. This finally leads to innovation of new technologies and wealth (Waldman,